A metallic blue that only adds to Angela White's eyes. The star from Australia is dressed in a latex outfit that turns her into a human confection. Boy, these two sure know how to fuck, am I right?Īngela White dominates, dictates and delights in this scene from. He finishes her off, covered in cum, with the wand. Keiran fucks Angela silly until he makes a mess of her pretty face. She lubes up her tits with spit and takes his dick on a sloppy wet boob job joy ride. Angela sucks, spits, and even lightly nibbles on Keiran's cock. Then, he pulls out and sucks hard on her clit. Keiran loves to make Angela's legs shake and fucks her right until she's near exploding. A blindfold, a wand, and a big hard dick that's guaranteed to take Angela to orgasm city on a fast train. Little does she know, Keiran Lee's about to pop up and he's got a few surprises in line for her. All by her lonesome, she can't help but touch her dripping wet pussy and please herself. It's no wonder she likes to dance around in the nude wearing only a black sheer robe. With her big gorgeous tits, long flowing brunette hair and an ass that won't quit she's every man's fantasy. After sprinkling them with his cum, Angela and Elsie agree: that's the only way to end a workout!Īngela White is goddamn perfect. The trio moves into the living room, where the girls trade-off between pussy-pounding and cock-sucking, Van hitting it from every angle while Angela eats Elsie's ass, tits, and pussy. The girls have some soapy fun with one another before Van finally catches them, and the girls take turns gagging on his cock. Holy hell! He smacks his dick against them before he realizes he can't find Elsie - she's snuck into the shower. He quickly returns to the living room to retrieve his phone and finds Angela with her tits out. Van Wylde (horny as his cock is fat) jacks himself off in the shower, thinking about these beautiful, glistening women in the other room. She (jokingly at first) rubs nipples with Elsie before the girls mash their tits together. When Elsie's equally sweaty husband (Van Wylde) comes in to hug Elsie before heading to the shower, Angela gets turned on. Tags : Bubble Butt, Tattoo, Athletic, Caucasian, Blonde, High Heels, Thong, Trimmed Pussy, Innie Pussy, Big Tits, Enhanced, Dress, Big Ass, Average Body, Black Hair, Bald Pussy, Nude Stockings, Big Naturals, Big Boobs (Natural), Natural Tits, Muscular Man, American Man, Shaved, Big Dick, FFM, Sex, Threesome, Cumshot Clean-Up, Cum On Ass, Facial, Feet, Fetish, Handjob, Kissing, Sneaky, Anal Fingering, Ass To Mouth, Blowjob, Blowjob - Double, Deep Throat, Face Fuck, Gagging, Pussy Fingering, Pussy Licking, Titty Fuck, Indoors, Living Room, 35 Plus, Anal, Big Tits Worship, Ass Stacking, Cowgirl, Doggystyle, Fuck n Lick, Missionary, Pussy Stacking, Reverse Cowgirl, Side Fuck, Spoon, 4kĪngela White and Elsie get a hard and sweaty home workout, but they've still got some energy left over. The horny pair will stop at nothing to get their target, sneakily blowing him under the table and putting on a show, but lucky for Scott they'll have to settle for sharing his big cock, leading a to a wild, competitive anal threesome! When using a search engine such as Google, Bing or Yahoo check the safe search settings where you can exclude adult content sites from your search results Īsk your internet service provider if they offer additional filters īe responsible, know what your children are doing online.A neighborhood speed dating event turns into a fierce competition between the block's hottest babes when Angela White and Phoenix Marie both have their eyes set on hooking up with Scott Nails. Use family filters of your operating systems and/or browsers Other steps you can take to protect your children are: More information about the RTA Label and compatible services can be found here. Parental tools that are compatible with the RTA label will block access to this site. We use the "Restricted To Adults" (RTA) website label to better enable parental filtering. Protect your children from adult content and block access to this site by using parental controls. PARENTS, PLEASE BE ADVISED: If you are a parent, it is your responsibility to keep any age-restricted content from being displayed to your children or wards. Furthermore, you represent and warrant that you will not allow any minor access to this site or services. This website should only be accessed if you are at least 18 years old or of legal age to view such material in your local jurisdiction, whichever is greater. You are about to enter a website that contains explicit material (pornography).
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hidden in each directory are also excluded from display. In the GNOME desktop environment (as well as all programs written using GLib ), filenames listed in a file named. nomedia file has no effect on the filesystem or even the operating system, but instead depends entirely on each individual app to respect the presence of the different files. This is useful to prevent downloaded voicemail files from playing between the songs in a playlist, and to keep personal photos private while still allowing those in other folders to be shared in person with friends, family, and colleagues. This prevents digital photos and digital music files from being shown in picture galleries or played in MP3 player apps. nomedia files to tell smartphone apps not to display or include the contents of the folder. Many applications, from bash to desktop environments such as GNOME, now store their per-user configuration this way, but the Unix/Linux XDG Base Directory Specification aims to migrate user config files from individual dotfiles in $HOME to non-hidden files in the hidden directory $HOME/.config. project, both used by the finger and name commands. cshrc, which are configuration files for the Bourne shell and C shell and shells compatible with them, and. Early uses of this were the well-known dotfiles. Ī convention arose of using dotfiles in the user's home directory to store per-user configuration or informational text. unless the wildcard itself starts with an explicit. In most command-line shells, wildcards will not match files whose names start with. In Unix-like operating systems, any file or folder that starts with a dot character (for example, /home/user/.config), commonly called a dot file or dotfile, is to be treated as hidden – that is, the ls command does not display them unless the -a or -A flags ( ls -a or ls -A) are used. They are not a security mechanism because access is not restricted – usually the intent is simply to not "clutter" the display of the contents of a directory listing with files the user did not directly create. They are commonly used for storing user preferences or preserving the state of a utility and are frequently created implicitly by using various utilities. In computing, a hidden folder (sometimes hidden directory) or hidden file is a folder or file which filesystem utilities do not display by default when showing a directory listing. dot extension, see DOT (graph description language). For the computer language which uses the. You can try to restore it from your local rubbish bin or find more information here for Windows, Linux, and macOS."Dot file" redirects here. Incomplete data cannot be recovered by MEGA because it never reached our servers. If the recovered folders are empty, it means that you probably deleted them before the file transfers completed. When you add a synced folder, the desktop app first builds the folder structure and only then transfers the files inside. If some of the restored folders are empty Open the synced folder in your File Explorer and you will be able to see the.Click Show hidden files, folders, and drives, then click OK.Under File Explorer, next to Change settings to show hidden and system files click Show settings.Start typing Show hidden files, then click on Show hidden files as it comes up.Show hidden files and folders on Windows: Open the synced folder in Finder again and you will be able to see the.(period) to make the hidden files appear. Open Finder, click your hard drive under Locations and then open your Macintosh HD folder.However, be aware that these folders are hidden and you may need to change your file manager settings first to make them visible. You can restore the data from these special folders. debris (Linux and macOS) located inside each local synced folder in your file manager. If you deleted or overwrote data in the Cloud driveĭata deleted or overwritten in the Cloud drive synced folder gets moved to a hidden folder called. If you have, you have to manually drag and drop the data to your Cloud drive. Restoring to the original location is only available if you have not deleted the containing folder from your Cloud drive. JPhotoGrid takes a simple list of images and captions and turns them into a stylish grid of photos that can be easily navigated and zoomed. JQuery lightgallery is a lightweight, customizable, modular, and responsive lightbox gallery plugin.ĪnoFlow is a feature-rich and responsive lightbox and gallery plugin. It comes with automatic content detection and features CSS effects and transitions. Nivo Lightbox is a small and responsive jQuery Lightbox plugin. Simple Lightbox is a touch-friendly responsive image lightbox jQuery plugin. Smoothbox is a simple, lightweight, and responsive jQuery lightbox script.įresco is a responsive lightbox plugin that can be used to create stunning overlays that work great on any screen size. Smoothbox Responsive Lightbox (Responsive) Swipebox is a responsive jQuery lightbox plugin that features swipe gestures for mobile, keyboard navigation for desktop, CSS transitions with jQuery fallback and retina support for UI icons. Magnific Popup is a fast and lightweight, responsive lightbox plugin that’s also Zepto.js compatible.Ĭhocolat.js is a responsive jQuery lightbox plugin. Shuffle Images is a jQuery plugin that allows you to display and shuffle multiple images within a gallery by moving or shaking the cursor. Justified.js is a jQuery plugin that creates a justified image grid of images. NanoGALLERY is a responsive, touch-enabled, and easy-to-use image gallery plugin. Inspired by Tumblr’s photoset feature, Photoset Grid is a simple jQuery plugin for arranging images into a flexible grid. Block Slide (Responsive)īlock Slider is a modal window image gallery plugin for jQuery that can be used to create a simple image slider. Most of these plugins are responsive, but there are also a few non-responsive plugins, just in case you need them. We’ve also included a few responsive lightbox plugins for good measure. In this post, we look at 18 free jQuery plugins that will allow you to quickly and easily build a lightweight and feature-rich jQuery image gallery. With all of these new technologies and fresh ideas, it is very easy to forget about the always reliable and timeless grid-style image gallery. The first that may spring to your mind are content, and image sliders, which are currently very popular, or you would maybe be thinking of the simpler method of using a lightbox attached to your images, or it could be the more advanced option of using a dedicated image gallery CMS. Many options and technologies are available, not only to developers but also to regular users, for displaying a large volume of images on your website. You can install lightgallery using the following NPM - NPM is a package manager for the JavaScript Of the following method to download lightGallery LightGallery is available on NPM, Yarn, Bower, CDNs, and GitHub. Smart image preloading and code optimization.Easily customizable via CSS (SCSS) and Settings.Swipe/Drag up/down support to close gallery.20+ Hardware-Accelerated CSS3 transitions. YouTube Vimeo Wistia and html5 videos Support.Double-click/Double-tap to see actual size of the image.Modular architecture with built in plugins.LightGallery is a lightweight, modular, JavaScript library for creating beautiful image & video galleries for the web and the mobile. González-Pérez MI, Faulhaber B, Williams M, Brosa J, Aranda C, Pujol N, et al. Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Breitschwerdt EB. Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part two. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus. Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. Ghanei-Motlagh R, Fast MD, Groman D, Kumar G, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M, et al. Development of a low-dose fipronil deer feed: evaluation of efficacy against two medically important tick species parasitizing white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) under pen conditions. Poché DM, Wagner D, Green K, Smith Z, Hawthorne N, Tseveenjav B, et al. DynamAedes: a unified modelling framework for invasive Aedes mosquitoes. 2023 613:620–1.ĭa Re D, Van Bortel W, Reuss F, Müller R, Boyer S, Montarsi F, et al. ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove. The impact of AI and ChatGPT on research reporting. Letting ChatGPT do your science is fraudulent (and a bad idea), but AI-generated text can enhance inclusiveness in publishing. The role of ChatGPT in scientific communication: writing better scientific review articles. Can artificial intelligence help for scientific writing? Crit Care. ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations. Definitively, this is something AI can never simulate enough.ĭave T, Athaluri SA, Singh S. We, as authors, should not lose our humanity, which derives from the culture and personal history of each of us. These are unique moments that help researchers to develop their writing skills, to share professional and personal experiences, as well as to come up with new ideas and concepts for addition projects and articles. Looking back to this and other moments shared with colleagues and friends while writing scientific articles in different parts of the globe, I would never think about asking an AI-text generator to write these articles for me. The resulting article was so long that it had to be divided into two parts. Long story short, we had a good time writing a review article, while enjoying tea together at the restaurant of his hotel. We were in Buenos Aires for the Sixth Tick and Tick-Borne Pathogen Conference. Regarding sharing, I remember the first article I wrote with my friend Professor Domenico Otranto (University of Bari), back in 2008. It has been a commercial success and has a large player base.Style aside, scientific writing is an integral part of science and is the defining moment when the author writes down all details of the work conducted, also sharing experiences that were acquired in the laboratory, field or both. The game has also been praised for its stunning visuals and music. Genshin Impact has received positive reviews for its beautiful open-world, diverse cast of characters, and engaging combat system. The game also features a co-op multiplayer mode that allows players to team up and take on challenging bosses. Players can also collect weapons and artifacts to make their characters stronger. The game features an array of characters to recruit and play as, each with their own unique abilities, elemental powers, and personalities. Along the way, the player will explore the vast open world, battle enemies using elemental magic, and uncover the mysteries of Teyvat. The player takes on the role of a traveler who is searching for their missing twin siblings. It takes place in the fantasy world of Teyvat, which is home to seven different nations. Genshin Impact is an action role-playing game developed and published by miHoYo. The logo is primarily used in official media such as the game’s website, social media posts, and promotional materials. The orange and white color scheme gives the logo a bright and vibrant look that is reflective of the game’s fantasy setting and action-packed gameplay. The logo is simple and minimalist, with a modern and clean design that is easy to read and recognize. The two words are separated by a small orange icon that looks like a stylized “I” with a tail, which is intended to represent the “Impact” of the title. The Genshin Impact game logo features the game’s title in a stylized font, with the word “Genshin” written in bold, white capital letters and the word “Impact” written in bold, orange lowercase letters. This applies to cocktails made as doubles, too. But any shot over 2 ounces is considered a double. That means that a double shot is typically 3 ounces of liquor, though that's of course assuming the bartender is pouring 1.5-ounce shots. A heavier pour quickly sways into the territory of pouring a double shot. Some pour heavier than 1.5, though not often. Some establishments pour lighter 1.25-ounce pours. Most shots are vaguely around the same amount, but bartenders and mixologists have the discretion to pour what is right for that bar business.īut for all intents and purposes, a shot in the U.S. That said, there is no standard shot size in the U.S., except for in Utah where they define a shot as 1 fluid ounce. Most bartenders and cocktail recipes use 1.5 ounces of liquor per shot. Below is the answer to how many ounces is one shot, among other common queries. That goes to say, there are a lot of answers to discover when it comes to learning about pouring shots and mixing drinks. Depends on where you are, how generous the barkeep is, and what you ask for. How much is a shot of alcohol? It varies. You also don't want to find out the hard way the answer to can wine go bad. No point in letting the liquor go bad by opening it at the wrong time. You'll only open one of these for special occasions. It contains just over 101 1.5-ounce shots of liquor. A rehoboam is an alcohol bottle size of 4.5 L or 152.2 ounces. That means there are roughly 67 1.5-ounce shots in a double magnum or jeroboam alcohol bottle. Double MagnumĪ double magnum alcohol bottle size is also called a jeroboam. It’s commonly purchased for home bar setups and private events. A magnum liquor bottle has about 34 1.5-ounce shots in it. A magnum alcohol bottle size is 1.5 L or 50.7 ounces. MagnumĪ magnum liquor bottle is in between the liter of liquor (1 L) and the handle of liquor (1.75 L). The most common half pint of alcohol is the half-pint of Hennessy. A half-pint of alcohol bottle size contains about four 1.5-ounce shots. A half-pint in mL is 200 mL or 6.8 ounces. But it is double a quarter pint of alcohol bottle size. Likewise, a half-pint of alcohol bottle size isn’t exactly half of an actual pint. We always recommend learning how many ounces in a pint half. There are roughly two 1.5-ounce shots in a quarter pint of alcohol. It’s not exactly a quarter pint but it’s still given that name. Quarter pintĪ quarter pint of alcohol is 100 ml and contains 3.4 ounces. Nips are commonly sold in grocery and liquor stores. They don’t have a place in the inventory of bars and restaurants, because they aren’t a cost-effective method of buying alcohol for many customers. That’s about 1.7 ounces and approximately one 1.5-ounce shot. The alcohol bottle size known as a nip is also called a mini and contains 50 ml of alcohol. All usage of ounces in this article refers to fluid ounces. And a common liquor bottle sizes chart at the very end of the post, which can help you with your liquor bottle display. We’ve got a lovely liquor bottle sizes graphic below. All the most frequently encountered alcohol and liquor bottle sizes and serving sizes. Seeing them with practical applications will help you internalize this information.īelow, you'll see figures for the shot, the pint, the liter, and the handle. Yes, there will be a lot of numbers in this BinWise blog, but they’ll be helpful. And we broke it all down for you by ounces, milliliters, and shots. So, we took a look at the most common sizes of liquor bottles. And because we love managing liquor inventory like an only child, we’re going to help you. How many ounces in 750 ml? How many ounces in 1.75 L, for that matter? And how many shots are in a pint of alcohol? Answers to questions like these enable you to take accurate inventory counts and manage inventory control. Taking liquor inventory involves a lot of math. In response to those who flatly refused to evacuate, he said, deputies were asking for next-of-kin information so they would have someone to notify if the holdouts died. “They are met with people who have guns and (are) saying, ‘Get off my property and you are not telling me to leave,’” he said. Greg Hagwood, a Plumas County supervisor, said that in the last 72 hours, as fire has swept through or threatened small mountain towns including Greenville, the evacuations have grown tense - in some cases, residents have met law enforcement with weapons. Law enforcement has issued evacuation orders for thousands of residents whose communities were under siege, yet some are choosing to stay behind, posing more challenges. No deaths have been reported so far in the Dixie fire, but some residents are taking risks that alarm authorities. “There have been times during the fire when pretty much every time that an ember would spot and land in grass, it was almost guaranteed to ignite and start another spot fire,” he said.įirefighters were working Friday to protect homes around Lake Almanor, where fire had reached the western shore but had not yet burned to the peninsula, they said. That was more than double the 50,000 acres by which it expanded the day before, said Rick Carhart, public information officer with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Stoked by extreme drought, dry vegetation and gusty winds, it was burning more rapidly and behaving more erratically than even veteran firefighters could recall ever seeing.Īfter razing the Sierra Nevada town of Greenville, the fire continued to spread and throw off spot fires Thursday, burning through the small community of Canyondam as it grew by 110,000 acres. and the third largest in recorded California history.Īs the effects of climate change are felt more intensely worldwide, this singular blaze was raging in four counties - Butte, Lassen, Plumas and Tehama - and had scorched 679 square miles, an area considerably larger than the city of Los Angeles. More than three weeks after it ignited in a remote canyon, the monster Dixie fire continued to break records Friday, leapfrogging Oregon’s Bootleg fire to become the largest burning in the U.S. Anita Chabria, Alex Wigglesworth and Lila Seidman / Los Angeles Times (TNS) To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Cookie Preferences, as described in the Cookie Notice. Click ‘Customise Cookies’ to decline these cookies, make more detailed choices, or learn more. Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. They are even versatile enough to slice fruit and veggies as well. For your convenience, we also carry all of the replacement parts. Cheese Cutting Board with slicing wire, hand made hardwood cheese slicer with cutting wire, small and large sizes, black and chrome handles. The wire cheese slicer does a great job of carving through large blocks of cheese and doesn’t get blunt like a blade. We also liked that you can adjust the slicer to change the thickness of your slices. Mandolin cutters are some of the best cheese slicers. Our cheese cutters make slicing large quantities of cheese much easier and more efficient. The blade is 7.5 inches which is great for larger cheese blocks. Use it for semi-hard and semi-soft cheeses. This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. With a T-shape and resembling a vegetable peeler, it slices with a roller and a wire. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. Because I made my board slightly thicker I adjusted the blade depth to 1/2 for my cut. The instructions call for this to be 3 from the right end of the board at 3/8 deep. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. Next you’ll need to make the kerf cut for the wire to pass through. Prodyne 126-B Bamboo Cheese Slicer - Best With Wooden Board. Stainless steel, thermoplastic elastomeric. We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. Westmark Germany Heavy-Duty Cheese Slicer - Best For Hard Cheese. In the 'Default format' drop-down list, select either '24 bit, 44100 Hz (Studio Quality)' or '24 bit, 48000 Hz (Studio Quality)'. On the 'Playback' tab, select the sound device that has the green tick next to it (that's the default sound device and it will probably be called "Speakers - ASUS Xonar Essence STX Audio Device" Armed with versatile magic daggers and a fluid movement system, fight to survive as long as you can. /rebates/2fgame2fDevilDaggers&252fgame252fDevilDaggers26tc3dbing-&idgog&namegog&ra4. Devil Daggers - Inspired by 1990s FPS and arcade games, Devil Daggers is a fast-paced shooter that places you in an abyssal arena to face endless legions of demons.Click the item called "Sound - Control Panel". On 6 July 2016, Sorath released an OS X version of Devil Daggers. You can find the Windows sound settings by typing "sound" while the Start menu is open.The player character can fire daggers from their fingers to eliminate foes and move about to avoid contact with. Players are tasked with surviving for as long as possible against swarms of demonic enemies on an arena shrouded in darkness. The one I have in my devildaggers folder is 825 KB in - My advice to you would be to double check in the Windows sound settings that you're really using 44.1 KHz or 48 KHz sample rate. Devil Daggers is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by indie development team Sorath. Aside from the two you mentioned, there should also be a file called OpenA元2.dll in that same folder. The game was successfully greenlit and released for Windows on February 18, 2016. Sorath submitted Devil Daggers to Steam Greenlight, a community selection system, so that the game could be released on digital distribution platform Steam. The game is available on Steam and GOG for 4.99 USD. Names are default-44100.mhr and default-48000.mhrThere are actually three files that are necessary for Devil Dagger's HRTF to work. Devil Daggers is a fast-pace first-person shooter game developed and published by Sorath. Originalmente postado por Cobra:There are two files that control this and they are located in Steam\steamapps\common\devildaggers The second time caused Sally to snap and she faked a terminal illness and kidnapped Flo before all was said and done. Ultimately, Wyatt dumped Sally twice for his high school sweetheart, Flo. After a brief reunion with Thomas in New York that went bad, Sally returned to Los Angeles and fell for Wyatt, who invited her to live in his beach house. Sally next crushed on Liam, and they kissed while caught in a life or death situation but he was already torn between two women so they remained friends. Thomas left his family’s fashion house and joined Spectra Fashions as Sally’s partner when they fell in love, however, she lost him to his ex, Caroline, when Spencer family members conspired to make him believe the mother of his son was dying. While not a golddigger, Sally fell for the sons of wealthy men, namely Thomas Forrester, Liam Spencer, and Wyatt Spencer. More: Stage is set for a B&B battle royale She also dabbled in a little design theft from Forrester when times got tough, but rather than being bold and brazen about it, it came as a last resort and brought her shame when she got caught. Like her namesake, Sally had her own little band of misfit employees, including her sister Coco and her grandmother, Sally’s sister, Shirley, played by soap vet Patrika Darbo. Sally the younger arrived in Los Angeles looking to revive her aunt’s defunct fashion business, and wasn’t well received by many in the Forrester clan given she carried the Spectra name. Sally is the namesake and niece of the original Sally Spectra, the fashion diva played by the late Darlene Conley, who clashed on a regular basis with Forrester matriarch, Stephanie, and was known for pilfering designs from the couture house, Forrester Creations, to make knock-offs from, with Spectra Fashions often beating their loftier rival to the runway and foiling their upcoming line. For those who don’t watch Young and Restless’ sister soap, here’s a quick primer on the character ahead of her arrival… The Bold and the Beautiful character blows into Genoa City.Īfter Courtney Hope and her character Sally Spectra were suddenly axed from The Bold and the Beautiful canvas, many fans of the feisty redhead with the quirky style were left stunned and disappointed… until the news broke that the spunky fashion designer would be showing up in none other than The Young and the Restless’ Genoa City. High-frequency measurements reveal otherwise undetectable deep water dynamics during a noted period of warming in the world’s lakes. Here we show how seasonal changes in the timing of overturn and stratification link surface warming trends to deep water temperatures in a large dimictic lake using three decades of nearly continuous subsurface water temperature observations in Lake Michigan. weekly, monthly, etc.), or of insufficient duration for long-term analysis. Therefore, our understanding of how our largest lakes are responding to climate change at depth has been formed either by translating what has been observed at the lake surface or by subsurface observations that are limited in vertical resolution (depth), temporal frequency (e.g. Measurements of hypolimnetic water temperatures suitable for long-term trend analysis are limited to a few studies in deep lakes 10, 12, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, although, projected connections between climate change induced thermal structure changes and mixing regime shift have been demonstrated through numerical modeling 15, 29. Therefore, direct observations of subsurface thermal structure are imperative to the interpretation of climate impacts on the majority of Earth’s freshwater 2. However, these trends in surface temperatures are not easily translated into the more complex deep subsurface conditions, where stratification, thermocline depth, and density gradient influence subsurface mixing. There has been an improved understanding of year-round or seasonal surface trends from satellite remote sensing in recent years that demonstrates the physical drivers of surface warming and the spatial and temporal variation of LSWT warming and overturn in the Laurentian Great Lakes 20, 21, 22. Most of our understanding of large lake warming trends comes from observations of summer LSWT due to data availability restrictions in satellite measurements, buoy deployment schedules, and seasonal ice conditions 6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19. Subsurface conditions in the largest lakes, hereby referred to as large lakes, are a missing piece in the global climate change narrative. from dimictic to monomictic mixing conditions 2, 3, 15. Subsurface waters in deep lakes can provide an important signal because they integrate conditions across years, providing a climate memory 14, and can help identify the potential for ecological and thermal shifts, e.g. While an abundance of surface measurements reveal surface warming in response to climate change 13, subsurface observations are relatively sparse and may tell a story that is more indicative of long-term climate change impacts. Several lakes appear to be warming faster than ocean temperatures (0.12 ☌/decade) and regional air temperatures (0.25 ☌/decade), including the world’s largest lakes 6, 7, 10, 11, 12. As air temperatures trend upward, global lake surface water temperatures (LSWT) have warmed by an average of 0.21 ☌/decade 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Because of the sensitivity to changing conditions, along with the ability to integrate climate conditions across the watershed and produce measurable signals of climate-impacted parameters, lakes have been identified as ideal climate change sentinels 2, 3, 4. Shifts in the thermal regimes of large lakes will have profound impacts on the ecosystems of the world’s surface freshwater.Įighty-four percent of Earth’s non-frozen, surface freshwater is found in the 10 largest lakes 1. Relationships from the data show a shortened winter season results in higher subsurface temperatures and earlier onset of summer stratification. This unique data set reveals that deep water temperatures are rising in the winter and provides precise measurements of the timing of fall overturn, the point of minimum temperature, and the duration of the winter cooling period. We present an analysis of three decades of high frequency (3-hourly and hourly) subsurface water temperature data from Lake Michigan. While the response of lake surface water temperatures to climate change is well documented from satellite and summer in situ measurements, our understanding of how water temperatures in large lakes are responding at depth is limited, as few large lakes have detailed long-term subsurface observations. Most of Earth’s fresh surface water is consolidated in just a few of its largest lakes, and because of their unique response to environmental conditions, lakes have been identified as climate change sentinels. |
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